Selected chapters from the German concrete yearbook are now being published in the new English "Beton-Kalender Series" for the benefit of an international audience.
Since it was founded in 1906, the Ernst& Sohn "Beton-Kalender" has been supporting developments in reinforced and prestressed concrete. The aim was to publish a yearbook to reflect progress in "ferro-concrete" structures until - as the book's first editor, Fritz von Emperger (1862-1942), expressed it - the "tempestuous development" in this form of construction came to an end. However, the "Beton-Kalender" quickly became the chosen work of reference for civil and structural engineers, and apart from the years 1945-1950 has been published annually ever since.
Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is a milestone in concrete technology and application. It permits the construction of both more slender and more durable concrete structures with a prolonged service life and thus improved sustainability.
This book is a comprehensive overview of UHPC - from the principles behind its production and its mechanical properties to design and detailing aspects. The focus is on the material behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced UHPC. Numerical modelling and detailing of the connections with reinforced concrete elements are featured as well. Numerous examples worldwide - bridges, columns, facades and roofs - are the basis for additional explanations about the benefits of UHPC and how it helps to realise several architectural requirements.
The authors are extensively involved in the testing, design, construction and monitoring of UHPC structures. What they provide here is therefore a unique synopsis of the state of the art with a view to practical applications.

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ekkehard Fehling studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral degree at TU Darmstadt in 1990. In 1993 he was awarded the IABSE Prize (International Association for Bridge& Structural Design). Since 1997 he has been a licensed checking engineer for structural design in concrete and steel. In that same year he was appointed professor of concrete construction at the University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering.
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Michael Schmidt studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral degree at TU Hannover in 1977. After 20 years of R&D in the German cement industry he served as professor of construction materials at the University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering from 1999 to 2012.
Prof. Dr. ir. Dr.-Ing. h. c. Joost Walraven studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral degree at Delft University of Technology in 1980. For five years he was professor of concrete technology at TU Darmstadt, and since 1989 he has been professor of structural and building engineering at TU Delft. He is honorary president of the International Federation for Structural Concrete, fib.
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Torsten Leutbecher studied civil engineering and gained his doctoral degree at the University of Kassel in 2007. For six years he was a research associate at the University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering. In 2014 he was appointed professor of structural concrete at the University of Siegen.
Dipl.-Ing. Susanne Frohlich is a research assistant at the University of Kassel, Institute of Structural Engineering.

Editorial ix

1 Introduction1

2 Principles for the production of UHPC5

2.1 Development 5

2.2 Basic material concepts 6

2.2.1 Microstructure properties 6

2.2.2 Grading optimization 8

2.3 Raw materials 12

2.3.1 Cement 12

2.3.2 Reactive admixtures 12

2.3.2.1 Silica fume 12

2.3.2.2 Ground granulated blast furnace slag 13

2.3.3 Inert admixtures 14

2.3.4 Superplasticizers 14

2.3.5 Steel fibres 14

2.4 Mix composition 15

2.5 Mixing 15

2.6 Curing and heat treatment 17

2.7 Testing 18

2.7.1 Fresh concrete 18

2.7.2 Compressive and flexural tensile strengths 20

3 Mechanical properties of the hardened concrete23

3.1 General 23

3.2 Behaviour in compression 23

3.2.1 UHPC without fibres 23

3.2.2 UHPC with steel fibres 24

3.2.3 Further factors affecting the compressive strength 27

3.2.3.1 Geometry of test specimen and test setup 27

3.2.3.2 Heat treatment 27

3.3 Behaviour in tension 27

3.3.1 Axial (concentric) tension loads 27

3.3.2 Flexural tensile strength 32

3.3.3 Derivation of axial tensile strength from compressive strength 34

3.3.4 Derivation of axial tensile strength from bending tests 35

3.3.5 Splitting tensile strength 36

3.3.6 How fibre geometry and orientation influence the behaviour of UHPC in tension 36

3.3.7 Converting the stresscrack width relationship into a stressstrain diagram 39

3.3.8 Interaction of fibres and bar reinforcement 41

3.4 Shrinkage 42

3.5 Creep 43

3.6 Multi-axial stresses 44

3.7 Fatigue behaviour 44

3.8 Dynamic actions 51

3.9 Fire resistance 53

3.10 UHPC with combinations of fibres (fibre cocktails) 53

4 Durability59

4.1 Microstructure 59

4.2 Resistance to aggressive media 59

4.3 Classification in exposure classes 63

5 Design principles65

5.1 Influence of fibre distribution and fibre orientation 65

5.2 Analyses for the ultimate limit state 66

5.2.1 Safety concept 66

5.2.2 Simplified stressstrain curve for design 67

5.2.2.1 Compression actions 67

5.2.2.2 Tension actions 70

5.2.3 Design for bending and normal force 72

5.2.4 Design for shear 75

5.2.4.1 Tests at the University of Kassel 75

5.2.4.2 Tests at RWTH Aachen University 79

5.2.4.3 Tests at Delft University of Technology 81

5.2.5 Punching shear 84

5.2.6 Strut-and-tie models 85

5.2.6.1 Load-carrying capacity of struts 86

5.2.6.2 Load-carrying capacity of ties 87

5.2.6.3 Load-carrying capacity of nodes 87

5.2.7 Partially loaded areas 88

5.2.8 Fatigue 88

5.3 Analyses for the serviceability limit state 89

5.3.1 Limiting crack widths 89

5.3.2 Minimum reinforcement 97

5.3.3 Calculating deformations 99

6 Connections105

6.1 General 105

6.2 Dry joints 105

6.3 Glued joints 105

6.4 Wet joints 108

6.5 Grouted joints 111

6.6 Adding UHPC layers to existing components to upgrade structures 113

7 Projects completed117

7.1 Bridges 117

7.1.1 Canada 117

7.1.1.1 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists, Sherbrooke (1997) 117

7.1.1.2 Glenmore/Legsby footbridge, Calgary (2007) 117

7.1.2 France 118

7.1.2.1 Road bridge, Bourg-lès-Valence 118

7.1.2.2 Pont du Diable footbridge (2005) 119

7.1.2.3 Pont de la Chabotte road bridge 120

7.1.2.4 Pont Pinel road bridge (2007) 121

7.1.2.5 Strengthening the Pont sur lHuisne, Mans 124

7.1.3 Japan 124

7.1.3.1 Sakata-Mirai footbridge (2003) 124

7.1.3.2 GSE Bridge, Tokyo Airport (2010) 126

7.1.3.3 Tokyo Monorail, Haneda Airport line 128

7.1.4 South Korea 129

7.1.4.1 Seonyu Bridge of Peace, Seoul 129

7.1.4.2 KICT cable-stayed footbridge (2009) 131

7.1.4.3 Design for Jobal Bridge (KICT) 132

7.1.5 Germany 133

7.1.5.1 Bridges over River Nieste near Kassel 133

7.1.5.2 Gärtnerplatz Bridge over River Fulda, Kassel (2007) 134

7.1.5.3 HSLV pilot project 137

7.1.5.4 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists over River Pleiße, Markkleeberg (2012) 140

7.1.6 Austria 141

7.1.6.1 Wild Bridge near Völkermarkt 141

7.1.6.2 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists, Lienz 143

7.1.6.3 Modular temporary bridge for high-speed rail lines 144

7.1.7 Switzerland 146

7.1.8 The Netherlands 147

7.2 Applications in buildings 149

7.2.1 Columns 149

7.2.2 Façades 151

7.2.3 Stairs and balconies 152

7.2.4 Roofs 155

7.3 Other applications 157

7.3.1 Runway, Haneda Airport, Tokyo, Japan 157

7.3.2 Jean Bouin Stadium, Paris 160

8 Acknowledgements163

References 165

Index 183